<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id>authorea</journal-id>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Authorea</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15200/winn.148155.51029</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Three potential emotional causes of depressive symptoms &amp;#x2013; negative
emotionality, hyper-emotionality and hypo-emotionality: a preliminary
study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Charlton</surname>
            <given-names>Bruce G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <address>
            <institution>School of Psychology, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, England</institution>
          </address>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name>
            <surname>Shaw</surname>
            <given-names>Joseph</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="preprint" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>4</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.15200/winn.148155.51029">This preprint is available at https://doi.org/10.15200/winn.148155.51029</self-uri>
      <abstract abstract-type="abstract">
        <p>The broad diagnostic category of DSM Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is
heterogeneous, and we suggest that it can be subdivided into at least
three groups: those with Negative-emotionality who experience strong
negative emotionality such as misery, anxiety, guilt, fatigue etc;
Hyper-emotionality who experience strong emotions in both negative and
positive directions; and Hypo-emotionality who experience weak or
blunted emotions. This model was tested using an internet survey of 251
subjects that measured strength of depressive symptoms; and strength and
directionality of emotions. All three emotionality groups were
significantly more depressed than controls. This indicates that
depressive symptoms may be a consequence of at least three different
emotional patterns. One implication may be that different emotionality
sub-types could benefit from different treatments.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
