Products and dynamics of lava-snow explosions: the 16 March 2017
explosion at Mt Etna (Italy)
Abstract
Volcanic hazards associated with lava flows advancing on a snow cover
are often underrated. On 16 March 2017, during a mild effusive-explosive
eruption at Mt Etna (Italy) a slowly advancing lava lobe interacted with
the snow cover producing a sudden, short-lasting sequence of explosions.
White vapor, brown ash and coarse material were suddenly ejected, and
the products hit a group of people, injuring some of them. The proximal
deposit formed a continuous mantle of ash, lapilli and decimetric-sized
bombs, and the ballistic material reached up to 200 meters away from the
lava edge. A total deposit mass of 7.1 ± 0.8 × 104 kg was estimated,
corresponding to a lava volume removed by the explosion of 32.0 ± 3.6
m3. Textural and morphological data on the ejected clasts were used to
constrain a model of lava-snow interaction. Results suggest that the
mechanism responsible for the explosions was the progressive pressure
build-up due to vapor accumulation under the lava flow, while no
evidence was found for the occurrence of fuel-coolant interaction
processes driving the explosions. Although these low-intensity
explosions are not too frequent, the collected data represent a unique
dataset which provides useful information on the involved processes and
the associated hazard, but also on possible measures of mitigation to
prevent potentially dramatic accidents at volcanoes like Etna, recording
up to thousands of visitors per day.