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Comparative Analysis of Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococci isolated from fruits and vegetables.
  • +2
  • Hafiza Sa͙na Parveen Soomro,
  • zulfiqar mirani,
  • Ifra Shamim,
  • Sajida Parveen Soomro,
  • Tanveer Abbas
Hafiza Sa͙na Parveen Soomro
University of Karachi
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zulfiqar mirani
Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Scientific Information Centre
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Ifra Shamim
University of Karachi
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Sajida Parveen Soomro
Sindh Madressatul Islam University Department of Environmental Sciences
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Tanveer Abbas
University of Karachi

Corresponding Author:taabbas@uok.edu.pk

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Abstract

Enterococcus are diverse Gram-positive cocci inhabiting diverse environments, including GI tracts, plants, and food. Rising hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant strains underscore the urgent need for research on AR and surveillance. This study investigates the prevalence and characteristics of Enterococcus strains in diverse environments, focusing on virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. 48 Samples from raw vegetables and fruits were analyzed, and 46 samples were positive for Enterococci among them (93%) revealing high salt tolerance and variability in Gelatinase activity (32.6%). All isolates exhibited Esculin hydrolysis capability, and biofilm was observed in 57.8% of samples confirmed by the tube adherence test method. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) provided insights into the surface topography of biofilm-positive (positive are adhere to solid surfaces and become multicellular aggregates packed into extracellular matrix material) and biofilm-negative cells (lacking of matrix material). Antibiotic resistance patterns varied, with notable resistance to Ampicillin (20.7%) and Erythromycin (17.2%) in vegetable-associated Enterococci, and alarming resistance to Linezolid and Vancomycin (35.3%) in fruit-associated Enterococci. This research highlights the diverse characteristics of Enterococcus isolates, emphasizing the importance of surveillance and antibiotic stewardship for environmental Enterococcus strains to ensure the safety of food and public health.