Virus Monitoring in Denmark: a community based self-sampling system to
surveil respiratory viruses and associated symptoms
Abstract
Objectives: This study presents findings captured in the first 1.5 years
of the Virus Monitoring in Denmark (VMD) surveillance system. It
describes trends in respiratory viruses, related symptoms, and
participant demographics and behaviors. Methods: VMD used self-swabbing
and self-reported symptoms to monitor respiratory viruses in the general
population. Participants were recruited via digital invitations to a
representative sample of the population or through workplaces.
Symptomatic participants could self-swab and register their samples and
report their symptoms via a dedicated smartphone web app. Results: With
30,627 participants and 12,642 samples analyzed, VMD had broad
demographic representation. SARS-CoV-2 was the most frequently detected
virus, with positivity rates peaking at over 50% in late 2023.
Participants commonly self-swabbed because of fever, cough, and
rhinorrhea with influenza A linked to the highest median number of
symptoms. Participants only provided samples after reaching a specific
symptom threshold and participation affected health-seeking behaviors
and work attendance of few individuals. Conclusions: VMD continuously
provided real-time insights into respiratory virus trends and
symptomatology in the general non-healthcare seeking population. Its
accessibility – available to anyone with a Danish identification
number, a smartphone and an invitation – highlights its potential as a
mass testing preparedness tool.