Applied solutions to balance conservation need with practical
applications: a case study with eagles movement models and wind energy
development
Abstract
The wind energy industry presents a green-green dilemma whereby it aims
to reduce CO2 emissions and combat climate change which benefits
biodiversity, but biodiversity can be negatively impacted through its
development. In order to reconcile this dilemma, the first action in the
mitigation hierarchy is to avoid development in areas considered too
risky for vulnerable species. For eagles, development has often been
restricted within a certain distance from nests, or more recently, by
using predictive habitat use models to define site-specific areas of
high risk. One such model has been used to predict risky areas for
Verreaux’s Eagles (Aquila verreauxii) in South Africa, but there has
been declining use of this tool by industry (research-implementation
gap, RIG). Uncertainty over the model outputs is a likely cause of the
RIG, because the model results in variably sized exclusion areas for
each development. To reduce this uncertainty and increase implementation
of the model, we explore if limiting this predictive model to protect
the same amount of space, or less, as a circular buffer around the nest,
could still provide improved protection of the species. We found that by
fixing the area of risk to be equal to the area of current circular
buffer recommendation, eagle protection was improved by around 6–7 %
compared to circular buffers, or by 2–3 % compared to our previous
threshold-based model. This fixed-area approach removes variation in the
amount of area excluded from development. This ensures that by applying
the collision risk model there is no unexpected loss in the developable
area for wind energy development. Our study demonstrates the importance
of understanding and adapting tools that aim to promote sustainable
development of renewable energy. Responding to stakeholder needs and
balancing conservation with practical applications is critical,
particularly in countries where policy enforcement is lacking.