Annexin (ANX), a calcium-phospholipid-binding protein, belongs to a superfamily of calcium-dependent membrane phospholipid-binding proteins, which are widely found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. They are classified into five groups: A, B, C, D, and E according to the different species and genera. The family of Annexin A(ANXA), which consists of Annexin A1-A11 and Annexin A13, is commonly found in vertebrates. Previous studies have shown that ANXA is involved in multiple processes, such as the formation of biological membranes, the establishment of ion channels, and signal transduction, thereby playing an essential role in cellular life activities such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and modulating inflammation. Annexin A1 (ANXA1), a member of the ANXA family, is involved in various disease processes, such as atherogenesis and development of atherosclerosis, tumor proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. This molecule has been increasingly studied, showing potential as a therapeutic target or diagnostic marker for circulatory system diseases. Therefore, this article reviews the value of ANXA1 in the diagnosis and treatment of circulatory system-related diseases.