Physiological novelties for salinity tolerance created by cryptic gene
functions unlocked by alien introgression from Oryza rufipogon to Oryza
sativa
Abstract
The inherent complexity of adaptive mechanisms to salinity stress
necessitates novel approaches to plant breeding. In rice, wide
introgression is an approach that is yet to be fully exploited,
especially from the not-so-distant species related to cultivars. We
explored the genetic combining potential of the AA-genome wild species
Oryza rufipogon, the closest progenitor of cultivated Oryza
sativa ssp. japonica, to uncover physiological novelties for salinity
tolerance created by transgressive effects. Comprehensive evaluation of
a set of chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSL) for various
physiometric traits revealed the occurrence of individuals transgressing
the parental phenotypic range. This indicates that introgression of
alien O. rufipogon genomic segments into O. sativa genomic
background can alter the overall potential of the recipient by creating
novel physiological attributes better than the donor or worse than the
recipient. In-depth characterization of transgressive tolerant and
transgressive sensitive CSSLs showed the occurrence of novel attributes
in terms of energy balance and gas exchange that positively correlated
with enhanced or reduced potential for salinity tolerance. Integrated
morphological, physiological, biochemical, ionomic, genomic, and
transcriptomic profiling revealed five genomic regions with QTL effects,
and seven genes with putative eQTL effects that explain the occurrence
of transgressive phenotypes. Genes with eQTL effects are associated with
the regulation of cytokinin-mediated processes, MYB transcription
factors, and transmembrane transport, that positively correlated with
the maintenance of shoot biomass, regulation of stomatal conductance,
and modulation of cellular homeostasis. The transgressive lines had
non-parental expression patterns for eleven genes that originated from
O. rufipogon. These genes gained new patterns of regulation
(de-regulation effects) in the genomic background of O. sativa
indicating the unleashing of cryptic functions through introgression.