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The B-cell function in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • Aviwe. Ntsethe,
  • Phiwayinkosi Vusi. Dludla,
  • Bongani Nkambule
Aviwe. Ntsethe
University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences
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Phiwayinkosi Vusi. Dludla
South African Medical Research Council
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Bongani Nkambule
University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences

Corresponding Author:nkambuleb@ukzn.ac.za

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Abstract

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the proliferation of dysfunctional B cells, resulting in significant immune dysregulation. Patients with CLL exhibit varied responses to B-cell receptor (BCR) targeted therapies, emphasizing the need for tailored immunotherapy approaches. This study investigated B cell function in untreated patients with CLL, and we further explored the effects of ex vivo protein kinase C activation on immune checkpoint expression and B cell profiles. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 21 untreated patients with CLL at King Edward Hospital in South Africa, between 2019 and 2022. B cells were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. Using flow cytometry, the study explored the levels of B cell subsets and immune checkpoint proteins programmed cell death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) expression on various B cell subsets. PMA and ionomycin B cell stimulation upregulated CTLA-4 and PD-L2 expression on B cell subsets (p<0.0001). As expected, monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 significantly downregulated the CTLA-4 expression of B cell subsets (p<0.05), while PD-L2 exhibited varied responses in different B cell subsets. In addition, these monoclonal antibodies increased the levels of memory B cells (p<0.0128) and activated memory B cells (p<0.01). Protein kinase C activation on B cells stimulates immune checkpoint expression. The use of monoclonal antibodies on B cells play a critical role in the B cell function through the reduction of CD38 expressing activated B cells and upregulation of memory B cells. Moreover, the monoclonal antibody targeting PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 are effective in reducing the expression of CTLA-4 on B cell subsets.
03 Apr 2024Submitted to Immunity, Inflammation and Disease
26 Apr 2024Reviewer(s) Assigned
13 Jun 2024Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
18 Jun 2024Editorial Decision: Revise Major
06 Sep 20241st Revision Received
10 Sep 2024Assigned to Editor
10 Sep 2024Submission Checks Completed
10 Sep 2024Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
17 Sep 2024Reviewer(s) Assigned
08 Oct 2024Editorial Decision: Revise Major
25 Nov 20242nd Revision Received
29 Nov 2024Assigned to Editor
29 Nov 2024Submission Checks Completed
29 Nov 2024Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
02 Dec 2024Reviewer(s) Assigned