Objective The purpose of this study was to obtain the infection status, exercise, anxiety and sleep quality of some Chinese residents who recovered from infection during the COVID-19 pandemic, explore the influencing factors of recovery status, and help improve the intervention measures for COVID-19 recovery. Methods This study is a sub-study, nested within a cross-sectional study, investigating the infection and physical and mental health of partially recovered residents in all 34 provincial areas of China during the COVID-19 epidemic. Results There were 1013 participants in this study, including 374 males and 639 females. The cardiopulmonary endurance after infection was significantly lower than that before infection (P<0.01). Among all participants, women (3.92±4.97) had more anxiety than men (3.33±4.54, P<0.01); The sleep score after infection (8.27±7.05) was significantly higher than that before infection (4.17±4.97, P<0.01). The days of fever remission in regular exercise and sedentary group were significantly shorter than those in irregular exercise and sedentary group (P<0.05). The days of fever remission in regular exercise group (1.81±1.91) was significantly shorter than that in irregular exercise group (2.02±1.95, P<0.05). The number of negative days in the non-sedentary group (7.32±3.24) was significantly lower than that in the sedentary group (7.66±3.06, P<0.05). Conclusions In this study, it was observed that the recovery time of symptoms after COVID-19 recovery was related to age, and the more symptoms there were, the worse cardiopulmonary fitness and sleep quality would be. Sedentary people and irregular exercise people generally took a longer time to turn negative. Therefore, appropriate exercise, psychological and sleep hygiene and other health interventions should be considered in COVID-19 recovery measures.