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Recent Progress in Minimally Invasive Power Sources for Implantable Electronics
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  • MING XU,
  • Yuheng Liu,
  • Kai Yang,
  • Shaoyin Li,
  • Manman Wang,
  • Jianan Wang,
  • Dong Yang,
  • Maxim Shkunov,
  • S. Ravi P. Silva,
  • Fernando A. Castro ,
  • Yunlong Zhao
MING XU
University of Surrey
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Yuheng Liu
University of Surrey
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Kai Yang
University of Surrey

Corresponding Author:kai.yang@surrey.ac.uk

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Shaoyin Li
University of Surrey
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Manman Wang
University of Surrey
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Jianan Wang
Xi'an Jiaotong University
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Dong Yang
Xi'an Jiaotong University
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Maxim Shkunov
University of Surrey
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S. Ravi P. Silva
University of Surrey
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Fernando A. Castro
National Physical Laboratory
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Yunlong Zhao
University of Surrey
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Abstract

As implantable medical electronics (IMEs) developed for healthcare monitoring and biomedical therapy are extensively explored and deployed clinically, the demand for non-invasive implantable biomedical electronics is rapidly surging. Current rigid and bulky implantable microelectronic power sources are prone to immune rejection and incision, or cannot provide enough energy for long-term use, which greatly limits the development of implantable medical devices. Herein, a comprehensive review of the historical development of IMEs and the applicable miniaturised power sources along with advantages and limitations is given. Despite recent advances in microfabrication techniques, biocompatible materials have facilitated the development of IMEs system toward non-invasive, ultra-flexible, bioresorbable, wireless and multifunctional, progress in the development of minimally invasive power sources in implantable systems has remained limited. Here we summarise three promising minimally invasive power sources, including energy storage devices (biodegradable primary batteries, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors), human body energy harvesters (nanogenerators and biofuel cells) and wireless power transfer (far-field radiofrequency radiation, near-field wireless power, ultrasonic and photovoltaic power). The energy storage and harvesting mechanism, configurational design, output power and applications in vivo are discussed. It is expected to give a comprehensive understanding of the IMEs for painless health monitoring and biomedical therapy with long-term stable function
31 Jan 2023Submitted to Exploration
06 Feb 2023Submission Checks Completed
06 Feb 2023Assigned to Editor
23 Feb 2023Reviewer(s) Assigned
06 Mar 2023Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
31 Mar 2023Editorial Decision: Revise Major
28 Apr 20231st Revision Received
30 Apr 2023Submission Checks Completed
30 Apr 2023Assigned to Editor
04 May 2023Reviewer(s) Assigned
11 May 2023Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
08 Jun 2023Editorial Decision: Accept