Heart failure and atrial fibrillation are often associated. Both conditions share pathophysiology and risk factor; as an example, atrial fibrillation may be regarded as either the ‘cause’ or the ‘consequence’ of heart failure. If coexistent, they are associated to very poor outcome. With this in mind, finding effective therapy for patients presenting with both heart failure and atrial fibrillation remains of paramount importance. There are also little evidence of the role and benefit of surgical atrial fibrillation ablation concomitant to heart surgery (i.e., coronary or valve surgery).