Outcomes of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Acute Respiratory
Distress Syndrome due to COVID-19, lessons learned from the first wave
of COVID 19
Abstract
Introduction: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used
as a refractory treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
due to COVID-19, but there has been little evidence of its efficacy. We
conducted this study to share our experience using ECMO as a bridge to
recovery for ARDS due to COVID-19. Methods: All adult patients who were
placed on ECMO for ARDS due to COVID -19 between April 2020 and June
2020 (during the first wave of COVID-19) were identified. The clinical
characteristics and outcomes of these patients were analyzed with a
specific focus on the differences between patients who survived to
hospital discharge and those who did not. Results: 20 COVID-19 patients
were included in this study. All patients were placed on veno-veno ECMO.
Comparing between survivors and non-survivors, older age was associated
with hospital mortality (p=0.02). The following complications were
observed: renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (35%, n=7),
bacteremia during ECMO (20%, n=4),coinfection with bacterial pneumonia
(15%, n=3), cannula site bleeding (15%, n=3), stroke (10%, n=2),
gastrointestinal bleeding (10%, n=2), and liver failure (5%, n=1). The
complications associated with patient mortality were culture positive
septic shock (p=0.01), culture-negative systemic inflammatory response
syndrome (p=0.01), and renal failure (p=0.01). The causes of death were
septic shock (44%, n=4), culture-negative systemic inflammatory
response syndrome (44%, n=4), and stroke (11%, n=1). Conclusions:
Based on our experience, ECMO can improve refractory ARDS due to
COVID-19 in select patients. Proper control of bacterial infections
during COVID-19 immunomodulation therapy may be critical to improving
survival.