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Sampling biases shape our view of the natural world
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  • Alice Hughes,
  • Michael Orr,
  • Keping Ma,
  • Mark Costello,
  • John Waller,
  • Pieter Provoost,
  • Chaodong Zhu,
  • Huije Qiao
Alice Hughes
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden

Corresponding Author:ach_conservation2@hotmail.com

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Michael Orr
Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Zoology
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Keping Ma
Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Mark Costello
University of Auckland
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John Waller
GBIF, Global Biodiversity Information Facility
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Pieter Provoost
OBIS, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO
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Chaodong Zhu
Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Zoology
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Huije Qiao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Abstract

Spatial patterns of biodiversity are inextricably linked to their collection methods, yet no synthesis of these patterns or their consequences exists. As such, our view of ecosystems may be incorrect, undermining countless ecological and evolutionary studies. Using 742 million records of 374,900 species, we explore the global patterns and impacts of accessibility in terrestrial and marine Systems. Pervasive sampling and observation biases exist across animals, with only 6.74% of the globe sampled, and disproportionately poor tropical sampling. High-elevations and deep-seas are comparably unknown. Over 50% of records in most groups account for under 2% of species. Citizen-science exacerbates biases, and normalizing the practice of valuing data publication is essential to bridge this gap and better represent species distributions from more distant and inaccessible areas, and provide the necessary basis for conservation and management.
Sep 2021Published in Ecography volume 44 issue 9 on pages 1259-1269. 10.1111/ecog.05926